Pierre TREMBLAY
Born: 14 August 1684, Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré, Canada, New France
Died: 15 November 1685, L'Ange-Gardien, Montmorency, Canada, New France
Died: 15 November 1685, L'Ange-Gardien, Montmorency, Canada, New France
Pierre
TREMBLAY
Born
10 August 1660
,
Québec, Canada, New France
Died
10 November 1736
,
Les Éboulements, Canada, New France
Parents & Family of Pierre TREMBLAY
Parents
2 recorded
View parent relationships
Grandparents
4 recorded
View grandparents
Spouses, Marriages & Children
2 recorded relationshipsView family relationships
Family Tree
Born: 10 August 1660 in Québec, Canada, New France
Parents of Pierre TREMBLAY
Father
Mother
Grandparents of Pierre TREMBLAY
Paternal grandparents
Maternal grandparents
Spouse(s)/Partner(s) and Child(ren):
Pierre married Marie-Madeleine SIMARD 3 November 1683 in Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré, Canada, New France . The couple had (at least) 1 child.
Marie-Madeleine SIMARD was born 4 January 1667 in Château-Richer, Canada, New France . Marie-Madeleine died 24 August 1684 in Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré, Canada, New France . Marie-Madeleine was the child of Noel SIMARD (SIMART) dit LOMBRETTE and Marie-Madeleine RACINE.
Pierre married (2) Marie-Madeleine ROUSSIN 15 November 1685 in L'Ange-Gardien, Montmorency, Canada, New France . The couple had (at least) 15 children.
Marie-Madeleine ROUSSIN was born 25 November 1669 in Château-Richer, Canada, New France . Marie-Madeleine died May 1754 in Québec Province, Canada. Marie-Madeleine was the child of Nicolas ROUSSIN and Marie-Madeleine PARADIS.
Pierre TREMBLAY died 10 November 1736 in Les Éboulements, Canada, New France .
Details of the family tree of Pierre appear below.
FAMILY HERITAGE FINDS
Gifts & Books Connected to This Family
Explore a family-history gift or research resource related to this ancestor.
Tremblay Family Legacy - Ceramic Mug 11 ounceIntroducing the Tremblay Family Legacy Mug, a tribute to the rich heritage of the NUMBER ONE SURNAME IN QUEBEC! Did you know that all the Tremblays in North America are descended from ONE couple (Pierre Tremblay and Ozanne Achon)?
WORK & OCCUPATION
Occupation
Recorded occupation: Seigneur des Éboulements
Québec Généalogie - The Seigneurial System (1627 - 1854)The seigneurial system was a form of land settlement modeled on the French feudal system. It began in New France in 1627 with the formation of the Compagnie des Cent-Associés (or Company of 100 Associates), which was initially responsible for handing out land grants and seigneurial rights. The land was divided into five by 15 kilometer plots, usually along major rivers like the St. Lawrence. They were then further subdivided into narrow, but long lots for settlement. These lots were usually long enough to be suitable for faming, and they provided everyone who lived on them with equal access to neighbouring farms and the river. There were three main groups of people who lived off the land in this system: Seigneurs, Habitants and Engagés
Pierre TREMBLAY was a seigneur.
Seigneurs were the most important colonists, as they were usually in the military or aristocracy prior to being a settler. These seigneurs then were charged with the task of subdividing large parcels of land into five by 15 kilometer concessions, then renting this land to a habitant. Under regulations set up by the French government in France, the seigneur could also set up a court of law, set up a mill on his land and organize a commune.
Source: Canada in the Making (www.canadiana.ca/citm/index_e.html)
Spouses, Marriages & Children of Pierre TREMBLAY
Pierre TREMBLAY married 
Marie-Madeleine SIMARD
Marriage date: 3 November 1683
Marriage place: Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré, Canada, New France
See marriage record for Pierre TREMBLAY and Marie-Madeleine SIMARD
Marie-Madeleine SIMARD was the child of Noel SIMARD (SIMART) dit LOMBRETTE and Marie-Madeleine RACINE
Marie-Madeleine SIMARDMarriage date: 3 November 1683
Marriage place: Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré, Canada, New France
See marriage record for Pierre TREMBLAY and Marie-Madeleine SIMARDMarie-Madeleine SIMARD was the child of Noel SIMARD (SIMART) dit LOMBRETTE and Marie-Madeleine RACINE
Marriage notes:
Marriage found in 1683 index for Drouin Collection at Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupre
Pierre Tremble and Marie-Madeleine Simart
Canada Marriages, 1661-1949
groom's name: Pierre Tremblay
groom's birth date: 1656
groom's birthplace:
groom's age: 27
bride's name: Marie Simart
bride's birth date: 1666
bride's birthplace:
bride's age: 17
marriage date: 03 Nov 1683
marriage place: Sainte-Anne-De-Beaupré, Montmorency, Québec
groom's father's name: Pierre Tremblay
groom's mother's name: Anne Achon
bride's father's name: Noel Simart
bride's mother's name: M. Madelaine Racine
groom's race: White
groom's marital status: Single
groom's previous wife's name:
bride's race: White
bride's marital status: Single
bride's previous husband's name:
indexing project (batch) number: M01249-7
system origin: Canada-EASy
source film number: 1018040
reference number: p58
source: familysearch.org
Children of Pierre TREMBLAY and Marie-Madeleine SIMARD
Pierre TREMBLAY married Marie-Madeleine ROUSSIN
Marriage date: 15 November 1685
Marriage place: L'Ange-Gardien, Montmorency, Canada, New France
See marriage record for Pierre TREMBLAY and Marie-Madeleine ROUSSIN
Marie-Madeleine ROUSSIN was the child of Nicolas ROUSSIN and Marie-Madeleine PARADIS
So Many Children! French-Canadian Family Size in the 17th, 18th, and 19th Centuries
Marie-Madeleine ROUSSINMarriage date: 15 November 1685
Marriage place: L'Ange-Gardien, Montmorency, Canada, New France
See marriage record for Pierre TREMBLAY and Marie-Madeleine ROUSSINMarie-Madeleine ROUSSIN was the child of Nicolas ROUSSIN and Marie-Madeleine PARADIS
Marriage notes:
groom's name: Pierre Tremble
groom's birth date:
groom's birthplace:
groom's age:
bride's name: Marie Roussin
bride's birth date:
bride's birthplace:
bride's age:
marriage date: 15 Nov 1685
marriage place: L'Ange-Gardien, Montmorency No 1, Quebec
groom's father's name:
groom's mother's name:
bride's father's name: Nicolas Roussin
bride's mother's name: Madeleine Paradis
groom's race:
groom's marital status: Widowed
groom's previous wife's name: Marie Madeleine Simar
bride's race: White
bride's marital status: Single
bride's previous husband's name:
indexing project (batch) number: M01809-6
system origin: Canada-EASy
source film number: 1018044
reference number: P-2 M-2
"Canada, Marriages, 1661-1949," index, FamilySearch.org
So Many Children! French-Canadian Family Size in the 17th, 18th, and 19th Centuries
Children of Pierre TREMBLAY and Marie-Madeleine ROUSSIN
Rosalie TREMBLAY
Born: 14 January 1687, Petite-Rivière-Saint-François, Canada, New France
Died: 27 August 1711, Baie-Saint-Paul, Canada, New France
Died: 27 August 1711, Baie-Saint-Paul, Canada, New France
Married: Pierre-Louis GIRARD 21 April 1711 Place: Baie-Saint-Paul, Canada, New France
Marie-Madeleine TREMBLAY
Born: 17 July 1688, Baie-Saint-Paul, Canada, New France
Died: 28 October 1755, Les Éboulements, Canada, New France
Died: 28 October 1755, Les Éboulements, Canada, New France
Married: Joseph-Marie GAGNON 10 April 1709 Place: Petite-Rivière-Saint-François, Canada, New France
Geneviève TREMBLAY
Born: 23 January 1690, Baie-Saint-Paul, Canada, New France
Died: 28 February 1690, Baie-Saint-Paul, Canada, New France
Died: 28 February 1690, Baie-Saint-Paul, Canada, New France
Étienne TREMBLAY
Born: 25 December 1690, Petite-Rivière-Saint-François, Canada, New France
Died: 20 September 1767, Les Éboulements, Province of Québec, Canada
Died: 20 September 1767, Les Éboulements, Province of Québec, Canada
Married: Marie FORTIN dite BELLEFONTAINE 12 November 1715 Place: Baie-Saint-Paul, Canada, New France
Geneviève TREMBLAY
Born: 4 February 1693, Baie-Saint-Paul, Canada, New France
Died: 8 March 1726, Baie-Saint-Paul, Canada, New France
Died: 8 March 1726, Baie-Saint-Paul, Canada, New France
Married: Étienne SIMARD 18 April 1725 Place: Baie-Saint-Paul, Canada, New France
Louis TREMBLAY
Born: 23 February 1695, Baie-Saint-Paul, Canada, New France
Died: 20 September 1767, Baie-Saint-Paul, Province of Québec, Canada
Died: 20 September 1767, Baie-Saint-Paul, Province of Québec, Canada
Married: Marie-Madeleine BONNEAU 25 May 1716 Place: Baie-Saint-Paul, Canada, New France
Marie TREMBLAY
Born: 13 March 1697, Baie-Saint-Paul, Canada, New France
Died: 1 March 1764, Baie-Saint-Paul, Province of Québec, Canada
Died: 1 March 1764, Baie-Saint-Paul, Province of Québec, Canada
Married: Julien FORTIN 19 June 1719 Place: Baie-Saint-Paul, Canada, New France
Married: Louis PARE 9 November 1750 Place: Saint-Joachim, Montmorency, Canada, New France
Jean-Nicolas TREMBLAY
Born: 22 January 1699, Baie-Saint-Paul, Canada, New France
Died: 16 August 1748, Les Éboulements, Canada, New France
Died: 16 August 1748, Les Éboulements, Canada, New France
Married: Louise-Marie SIMARD 18 January 1724 Place: Baie-Saint-Paul, Canada, New France
Jean TREMBLAY
Born: 22 March 1701, Petite-Rivière-Saint-François, Canada, New France
Died: 30 August 1783, Les Éboulements, Province of Québec, Canada
Died: 30 August 1783, Les Éboulements, Province of Québec, Canada
Married: Catherine LAVOIE 21 April 1726 Place: Baie-Saint-Paul, Canada, New France
François-Xavier TREMBLAY
Born: 15 November 1702, Petite-Rivière-Saint-François, Canada, New France
Died: 14 December 1778, Petite-Rivière-Saint-François, Province of Québec, Canada
Died: 14 December 1778, Petite-Rivière-Saint-François, Province of Québec, Canada
Married: Marie-Reine DUFOUR 6 November 1726 Place: Baie-Saint-Paul, Canada, New France
Joseph-Louis TREMBLAY
Born: 28 June 1706, Baie-Saint-Paul, Canada, New France
Died: 31 May 1792, Les Éboulements, Lower Canada
Died: 31 May 1792, Les Éboulements, Lower Canada
Married: Agnes BOUCHARD 1728
Married: Geneviève GONTHIER 7 February 1732 Place: Les Éboulements, Canada, New France
Married: Jeanne-Anne VÉZINA 22 June 1746 Place: L'Ange-Gardien, Montmorency, Canada, New France
Married: Marie-Agathe LAFOREST dite LABRANCHE 15 September 1778 Place: Isle-aux-Coudres, Province of Québec, Canada
Marie-Angélique TREMBLAY
Born: 17 August 1708, Baie-Saint-Paul, Canada, New France
Died: 1 April 1791, Petite-Rivière-Saint-François, Lower Canada
Died: 1 April 1791, Petite-Rivière-Saint-François, Lower Canada
Married: Jacques LAVOIE 23 November 1729 Place: Petite-Rivière-Saint-François, Canada, New France
Marie-Anne TREMBLAY
Born: 13 August 1710, Baie-Saint-Paul, Canada, New France
Died: 6 September 1749, Tadoussac, La Haute-Côte-Nord, Canada, New France
Died: 6 September 1749, Tadoussac, La Haute-Côte-Nord, Canada, New France
Married: Joseph DUFOUR 29 October 1732 Place: Baie-Saint-Paul, Canada, New France
Marie-Josephte TREMBLAY
Born: 19 April 1712, Baie-Saint-Paul, Canada, New France
Died: 16 November 1793 , Saint-Joachim, Montmorency, Lower Canada
Died: 16 November 1793 , Saint-Joachim, Montmorency, Lower Canada
Married: Paul FILION 12 November 1731 Place: Baie-Saint-Paul, Canada, New France
RESEARCH CONTEXT
Québec Genealogy Notes
Helpful background for understanding names and places that may appear in Pierre's Québec records.
Québec Place Names Through History
Québec has been described by several names during different periods of its history. Knowing the period name can make older records easier to recognize.
- Early 1600s–1760
- Canada, New France
- 1760–1763
- Canada
- 1763–1791
- Province of Québec
- 1791–1867
- Lower Canada
- 1867–present
- Québec, Canada
Thanks to Micheline Gadbois MacDonald for providing this information.
Add Life Event
Have another record or photo?
Add a life event, census record, military record, obituary, achievement, or photograph for Pierre TREMBLAY.
Add a life event, census record, military record, obituary, achievement, or photograph for Pierre TREMBLAY.
Life & Records
Photos, life events, and historical records for Pierre TREMBLAY.
How to read this timeline
Records about Pierre TREMBLAY and family appear alongside historical events from the same years. Each item is labeled so you can quickly tell family records from historical context.
Records about Pierre TREMBLAY and family appear alongside historical events from the same years. Each item is labeled so you can quickly tell family records from historical context.
Show:
Use these buttons to focus on the ancestor's own records or the wider historical context.
1660 - Baptism
Baptism - Notre-Dame-de-Quebec, Quebec, Canada
12 Aug 1660 - Pierre Tremble -- b. 10 Aug 1660
12 Aug 1660 - Pierre Tremble -- b. 10 Aug 1660
Birth — 166010 August 1660
Québec, Canada, New France
1666 Habittans de Beaupré
pierre Tremblé - 40 habittant
Anne Achon - 33 sa femme
Marie Tremblé - 7 fille
pierre Tremblé - 5 fils
Michel Tremblé - 3 fils
Jacques Tremblé - 20 mois Fils
Et Marguerite Tremblé - 4 mois fille
Anne Achon - 33 sa femme
Marie Tremblé - 7 fille
pierre Tremblé - 5 fils
Michel Tremblé - 3 fils
Jacques Tremblé - 20 mois Fils
Et Marguerite Tremblé - 4 mois fille
1681 Canadian Census Seigneurie de Beaupre
Pierre Tramblay, 60
Anne Achon (Ozanne), sa femme, 40
enfants:
Pierre, 20
Michel, 18
Jacques, 16
Denis, 17
Marguerite, 15
Louise, 10
Jeanne, 9
Jean, 7
Marie, 5
Dorothee, 3
Martin, domestique, 53
Source: Histoire des Canadiens-Francais 1608-1880 by Benjamin Sulte, Montreal, 1882
Anne Achon (Ozanne), sa femme, 40
enfants:
Pierre, 20
Michel, 18
Jacques, 16
Denis, 17
Marguerite, 15
Louise, 10
Jeanne, 9
Jean, 7
Marie, 5
Dorothee, 3
Martin, domestique, 53
Source: Histoire des Canadiens-Francais 1608-1880 by Benjamin Sulte, Montreal, 1882
1683 Marriage / PartnerPierre TREMBLAY and Marie-Madeleine SIMARD 3 November 1683, Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré, Québec, Canada (Beaupre)
He was 23 years old.
1684 Birth of ChildPierre TREMBLAY was born 14 August 1684, Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré, Québec, Canada (Beaupre)
Pierre was 24 years old.
1684 Death of Spouse/PartnerMarie-Madeleine SIMARD died 24 August 1684, Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré, Québec, Canada (Beaupre)
1685 Marriage / PartnerPierre TREMBLAY and Marie-Madeleine ROUSSIN 15 November 1685, L'Ange-Gardien, Montmorency, Québec, Canada
He was 25 years old.
1685 Marriage
L'Ange Gardien, Quebec
Familysearch.org. Quebec Vital and Church Records (Drouin Collection) (Mormon Genealogy Records).
The French In North America: 1500-1783
1685 Death of ChildPierre TREMBLAY died 15 November 1685, L'Ange-Gardien, Montmorency, Québec, Canada
Pierre was 25 years old.
1687 Birth of ChildRosalie TREMBLAY was born 14 January 1687, Petite-Rivière-Saint-François, Québec, Canada (Saint-François-Xavier-de-la-Petite-Rivière)
Pierre was 26 years old.
1688 Birth of ChildMarie-Madeleine TREMBLAY was born 17 July 1688, Baie-Saint-Paul, Québec, Canada (Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul-de-Baie-Saint-Paul)
Pierre was 27 years old.
1690 Birth of ChildGeneviève TREMBLAY was born 23 January 1690, Baie-Saint-Paul, Québec, Canada (Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul-de-Baie-Saint-Paul)
Pierre was 29 years old.
1690 Birth of ChildÉtienne TREMBLAY was born 25 December 1690, Petite-Rivière-Saint-François, Québec, Canada (Saint-François-Xavier-de-la-Petite-Rivière)
Pierre was 30 years old.
1693 Birth of ChildGeneviève TREMBLAY was born 4 February 1693, Baie-Saint-Paul, Québec, Canada (Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul-de-Baie-Saint-Paul)
Pierre was 32 years old.
1695 Birth of ChildLouis TREMBLAY was born 23 February 1695, Baie-Saint-Paul, Québec, Canada (Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul-de-Baie-Saint-Paul)
Pierre was 34 years old.
1697 Birth of ChildMarie TREMBLAY was born 13 March 1697, Baie-Saint-Paul, Québec, Canada (Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul-de-Baie-Saint-Paul)
Pierre was 36 years old.
1699 Birth of ChildJean-Nicolas TREMBLAY was born 22 January 1699, Baie-Saint-Paul, Québec, Canada (Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul-de-Baie-Saint-Paul)
Pierre was 38 years old.
1701 Birth of ChildJean TREMBLAY was born 22 March 1701, Petite-Rivière-Saint-François, Québec, Canada (Saint-François-Xavier-de-la-Petite-Rivière)
Pierre was 40 years old.
1702 Birth of ChildFrançois-Xavier TREMBLAY was born 15 November 1702, Petite-Rivière-Saint-François, Québec, Canada (Saint-François-Xavier-de-la-Petite-Rivière)
Pierre was 42 years old.
1704 Birth of ChildAugustin TREMBLAY was born 24 August 1704 , Petite-Rivière-Saint-François, Québec, Canada (Saint-François-Xavier-de-la-Petite-Rivière)
Pierre was 44 years old.
1706 Birth of ChildJoseph-Louis TREMBLAY was born 28 June 1706, Baie-Saint-Paul, Québec, Canada (Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul-de-Baie-Saint-Paul)
Pierre was 45 years old.
1708 Birth of ChildMarie-Angélique TREMBLAY was born 17 August 1708, Baie-Saint-Paul, Québec, Canada (Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul-de-Baie-Saint-Paul)
Pierre was 48 years old.
1709 Marriage of ChildMarie-Madeleine TREMBLAY married 10 April 1709, Petite-Rivière-Saint-François, Canada, New France to Joseph-Marie GAGNON
The seigneury of Les Éboulements was founded in 1710 and its first lord was Pierre Tremblay, who developed the land by granting numerous concessions to settlers arriving from Europe.
The first buildings are erected along the banks of the St. Lawrence. The first Seigneurial Manor was built around 1720.
Source / record details
grandquebec.com
grandquebec.com
1710 Birth of ChildMarie-Anne TREMBLAY was born 13 August 1710, Baie-Saint-Paul, Québec, Canada (Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul-de-Baie-Saint-Paul)
Pierre was 50 years old.
1711 Marriage of ChildRosalie TREMBLAY married 21 April 1711, Baie-Saint-Paul, Canada, New France to Pierre-Louis GIRARD
1711 Death of ChildRosalie TREMBLAY died 27 August 1711, Baie-Saint-Paul, Québec, Canada (Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul-de-Baie-Saint-Paul)
Pierre was 51 years old.
1712 Birth of ChildMarie-Josephte TREMBLAY was born 19 April 1712, Baie-Saint-Paul, Québec, Canada (Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul-de-Baie-Saint-Paul)
Pierre was 51 years old.
1715 - September 1 - Louis XV becomes King of France1715 Marriage of ChildÉtienne TREMBLAY married 12 November 1715, Baie-Saint-Paul, Canada, New France to Marie FORTIN dite BELLEFONTAINE
1716 Marriage of ChildLouis TREMBLAY married 25 May 1716, Baie-Saint-Paul, Canada, New France to Marie-Madeleine BONNEAU
1719 Marriage of ChildMarie TREMBLAY married 19 June 1719 , Baie-Saint-Paul, Canada, New France to Julien FORTIN
1724 Marriage of ChildJean-Nicolas TREMBLAY married 18 January 1724, Baie-Saint-Paul, Canada, New France to Louise-Marie SIMARD
1725 Marriage of ChildGeneviève TREMBLAY married 18 April 1725, Baie-Saint-Paul, Canada, New France to Étienne SIMARD
1726 Death of ChildGeneviève TREMBLAY died 8 March 1726, Baie-Saint-Paul, Québec, Canada (Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul-de-Baie-Saint-Paul)
Pierre was 65 years old.
1726 Marriage of ChildJean TREMBLAY married 21 April 1726 , Baie-Saint-Paul, Canada, New France to Catherine LAVOIE
1726 Marriage of ChildFrançois-Xavier TREMBLAY married 6 November 1726, Baie-Saint-Paul, Canada, New France to Marie-Reine DUFOUR
1729 Marriage of ChildMarie-Angélique TREMBLAY married 23 November 1729, Petite-Rivière-Saint-François, Canada, New France to Jacques LAVOIE
1731 Marriage of ChildMarie-Josephte TREMBLAY married 12 November 1731, Baie-Saint-Paul, Canada, New France to Paul FILION
1732 Marriage of ChildJoseph-Louis TREMBLAY married 7 February 1732, Les Éboulements, Canada, New France to Geneviève GONTHIER
1732 Marriage of ChildMarie-Anne TREMBLAY married 29 October 1732, Baie-Saint-Paul, Canada, New France to Joseph DUFOUR
Death
FINAL RESTING PLACE
Burial & Cemetery
Burial details for Pierre
Inhumé à Baie-St-Paul
RECORD HISTORY
About this genealogy record
Added
12/16/1999 12:00:00 AM
Last updated
5/24/2024 5:49:34 PM
MORE WAYS TO EXPLORE
Explore Pierre TREMBLAY's Family & History
View charts and other tools for this ancestor and family.
Pedigree Chart
View this ancestor's family line in a traditional pedigree chart.
Prefer a printed chart?
Large-print blank pedigree chart (6 generations / 64 names)
Family Group Record
See spouses, children, and key family details together.
Prefer a printed worksheet?
Large-print two-sided family group sheets
Family Tree
Explore the wider family tree for Pierre TREMBLAY.
BIRTHPLACE
Explore Pierre TREMBLAY's Birthplace
Explore the birthplace and related genealogy.
KEEP SEARCHING
Not the ancestor you were looking for?
Search for another person or explore genealogy by place.
Search for a Person by Name
Enter as much of the name as you know. Last name is required.
Search by Place
Enter a place and choose a match from the suggestions.
RESEARCH ON OTHER SITES
Continue Researching Pierre Tremblay
Search other genealogy websites using this ancestor's known name, dates, and places.
Continue your research with free genealogy links
Sign in to open targeted searches for this ancestor on Find a Grave, FamilySearch, and other collections.
New to GreenerPasture? Joining is free.GENEALOGY GIFTS & RESOURCES
Gifts & Resources Related to Québec, Québec, Canada
Explore local-history books, genealogy resources, and gifts connected with this ancestor's birthplace and family-history research.
GREENERPASTURE GENEALOGY SHOP
Genealogy Gifts from Our Shop
Browse a few family-history favorites, or visit the shop to see the full collection.
More places to shop
Questions, Corrections & New Information
Ask a question or share a correction, source, or new detail about Pierre TREMBLAY.
When possible, include names, dates, places, and sources so the information is easier to verify.